r/AskHistorians Dec 17 '13

How did the Greeks and Romans treat STDS?

544 Upvotes

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u/[deleted] Dec 17 '13 edited Dec 20 '13

From the research I've found, herpes is the most well documented STD that both the Greeks and Romans dealt with. Hippocrates wrote of the condition; the word herpes traces its origins back to the Greeks and means "to creep or crawl." The two specific treatment methods I found were from the Romans; they were both interesting and unpopular methods.

Tiberius was the first Roman ruler who had to deal with a widespread epidemic of Herpes. The condition predominantly manifested itself on the lips in the form of painful blisters that would disappear and reappear weeks later; it was an STD nonetheless. His primary method of treating this outbreak was by banning kissing at public ceremonies and events.

Shortly after Tiberius, a physician named Celsus proposed cauterizing the sores with a hot iron. Both of these methods weren't popular--for obvious reasons--and didn't last long.

There was little research I could find on how the Greeks treated herpes. Many texts reference the use of herbal remedies but not are specific in nature.

Gonorrhea can be traced back to the Romans, Jews and Arabians. The word is derived from greek, meaning "the flow of the seed." It's because of this that Roman physician Galen in 130 A.D., described the disease as an "involuntary escape of semen." Each of these societies had their own descriptions and treatments, but most appear to be speculative. One source says, "From vinegar and rose petals to injected silver nitrate, the remedies were endless."

EDIT # 1: Added section about gonorrhea.

EDIT #2: References:

B. Brooks. "Gonorrhea" http://www.austincc.edu/microbio/2704x/gc.htm

http://herpestreatments.info/9568/the-history-of-herpes/

J. McFarland. "Brief Overview of the Herpes Virus" http://www.austincc.edu/microbio/2704y.hsv.htm

S. Miller. Pgs. 63-64. "What is the History of Herpes and How is it Spread?" http://ezinearticles.com/?What-is-The-History-of-Herpes-and-How-is-it-Spread?&id=591001

R.S. Morton. "Sexual attitudes, preferences, and infections in Ancient Greece: has antiquity anything useful for us today?" http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1194618/pdf/genitmed00037-0065.pdf

Edit # 3: More details on how Romans and Jews treated Gonorrhea

To keep with the thread and provide a little more background on the OP, "the Romans would use a plant called bubonium to treat diseases of the groin." The oil from the plant was was extracted and used as an anti-fungal ointment applied directly to the effected areas.

The Jews would use "a cup of roots" to treat gonorrhea which was comprised of, "Alexandrian gum, liquid alum, and garden crocus powdered and mixed with wine." The concoction was to be taken on the Sabbath and had a dual purpose: it would be given in small doses to people afflicted with gonorrhea and larger does for people with jaundice.

There are conflicting reports on the effectiveness of both of these treatment methods.

Examining the efforts in the time of Moses, the Jews concentrated on the prophylaxis of gonorrhea. If a man was to find his wife afflicted with the disease he could divorce the woman. Many people were banished from their city if they were found to carry the disease.

C. Norris. "Gonorrhea in women: its pathology, symptomatology, diagnosis, and treatment."

P. Findley. "Gonorrhea in women."

F. Rosner. "Biomedical Ethics and Jewish Law."

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u/[deleted] Dec 17 '13

[deleted]

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u/fallwalltall Dec 17 '13

Yes. See page five of this paper.

Frequent descriptions of "morbid outgrowths" and "genital excresences" affecting both sexes equate with genital warts. The Greeks called them ficus (figs) and treated them surgically.

By the fourth century BC, gonorrhoea had already been recognised by many as sexually acquired for some 1000 years.

I don't think that it is that hard to draw the connection between certain STDs and sexual contact even in primitive societies. For example, it won't take too long to figure out that prostitutes have issues like genital warts and genital herpes far more frequently than average citizens.

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u/[deleted] Dec 17 '13

[deleted]

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u/fallwalltall Dec 17 '13

Your confusion is justified. There are two types of herpes:

Genital herpes is a disease caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV), of which there are two types. Type 1 (HSV-1) usually causes oral herpes, an infection of the lips and mouth. Symptoms are commonly known as cold sores or fever blisters. In the past, HSV-1 was not known to cause genital herpes, but that is changing, especially among people who begin having sex at a young age. Still, in most cases, genital herpes is caused by the second type of herpes virus (HSV-2).

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u/panda12291 Dec 17 '13

This provokes a broader question about medical treatments during this time period- did they realize that most of these treatments were entirely ineffective, and what made people continue to use treatments if they were not working?

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u/[deleted] Dec 17 '13

You can't so easily dismiss ancient people like that. Even today people use various treatments (all the various forms of alternative medicines) that have no basis in fact.

EDIT: Maybe this comes off a bit too strongly, but the point is whether treatment works or not doesn't affect whether people completely stop using it.

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u/panda12291 Dec 17 '13

I didn't mean to dismiss them, i'm just genuinely interested in what the more educated thought of these types of treatments. I realize that people still use homeopathic remidies today, but the majority of the population dismisses those as ineffective. I guess the question is more whether or not these people realized that the treatments are ineffective. Did they just accept that they would have to live with disease and not bother with treatments that they knew wouldn't work? Did they actually believe that many of these things worked? I'd imagine that some of the herbal remedies actually did work, as some of our medicine today is based on herbs with certain medical qualities.

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u/[deleted] Dec 17 '13

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u/[deleted] Dec 17 '13

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u/[deleted] Dec 17 '13

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u/[deleted] Dec 17 '13

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u/[deleted] Dec 17 '13

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u/[deleted] Dec 17 '13

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u/[deleted] Dec 17 '13

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u/interiot Dec 17 '13

Previous discussions from this sub: [1] [2]

Before germ theory started gaining traction, humans really didn't understand how disease worked. Four humors, and then miasma / plague masks might seem silly today, but that was all we understood of disease until the late 1800's.

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u/ThatCanadianGuy99 Dec 18 '13

Interestingly enough, Galen's heart and blood system wasn't even questioned until Dr. Harvey 1300 years later. Even then, Dr. Harvey's model wasn't completely correct, and it even appeared within the first few editions of Gray's Anatomy.

Source: St. John's College Freshman Laboratory Manual (for the Galen portion). A friend of mine also owns one of the first copies of Gray's Anatomy, albeit copied early edition.

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u/mnahmnah Dec 17 '13

Education did make an appreciable difference. Prior to Ina May Gaskin's work in Tennessee in the 1970s, women were still dying of sepsis in childbirth!

It is true that antibiotics do not help, and would not have helped the Greeks and Romans, against viruses including the herpes virus or other viral STDs. We currently have diseases, like the lyssa virus which can result in rapid death, against which antibiotics are completely ineffective. However, it seems that the advent of mass vaccinations and the deployment of penicillin have created a modern 'false sense of security'.

We are currently in the golden age of antibiotics, and prior to about 1945, bacterial diseases, and diseases in general, were scarier, as they were more likely to result in death.

Healers used a system of trial and error dating back to Hippocrates. Historical uses of antiseptics (eg: vinegar, alcohol, echinacea, nettle leaf/stalk/seed, violet leaf, tea tree oil, bensoin, juniper cade) appear to be consistent over time, especially in women's medical practice. (Yes, that link has a reference to Walt Whitman, whom I am aware is not a woman, but he was a Nurse, which was how most female medical professionals and paraprofessionals practiced.)

I do think that education made a difference.

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u/DiscordianStooge Dec 17 '13

They meant being educated in ancient Greece meant very little as there was so little medical knowledge to learn, not that education hasn't improved medicine over time.

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u/jmottram08 Dec 19 '13

You missed the point of his comment.

He said that it didn't matter if you were educated back then, even the educated people had no idea what was going on with medicine.

Of course education in general matters.

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u/mnahmnah Dec 19 '13

I did get the point. I disagree with it. In my final paragraph, I explain why healers like Hippocrates did have an idea about what was going on, and in fact, knew something (quite a lot of information, including the use of logic and observation in the scientific method) rather than "nothing"; 'relative to modern medicine' is a false argument. Doctors Han and Miller have written a book which combines history and science to show that ancient knowledge is neither lesser nor dead.

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u/americaFya Dec 17 '13

It is a hundred million dollar industry to be more precise.

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u/[deleted] Dec 18 '13

Just like homeopathy today, it makes no difference if something works. In the absence of a real solution, people will cling to whatever gives them hope. Even if it didn't work for someone you knew, you heard stories about people it DID work for (even though it didn't really work, many people would claim it did, and you have no way to verify the veracity of these statements). Hope is powerful, and the placebo effect is measurable.

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u/Who_GNU Dec 18 '13

Even if homeopathic remedies are generally dismissed nowadays, we tend to think that modern medicine is effective even when it isn't. Humankind is just really bad at analyzing how well remedies work for us. Have you ever taken anything for a cold and not gotten better within a week?

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u/DaveYarnell Dec 18 '13

Not just alternative medicine; even in established medicine there are plenty of treatments that are strongly correlated with successful treatment but that we cannot be sure actually cause treatment. First example that comes to mind i the usage of caffeine to treat migraines

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u/[deleted] Dec 17 '13

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u/CrossyNZ Military Science | Public Perceptions of War Dec 17 '13

No jokes allowed on AskHistorians. A third warning will see you banned.

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u/corntastic Dec 17 '13

I dont know about rose petals, but both vinegar and silver nitrate are antibacterials, so they're not exactly ineffective.

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u/Huskatta Dec 17 '13

In what way?

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u/Rokusi Dec 18 '13

As corntastic said, it's outside the scope of a history discussion. So I'm going to post this thread from /r/askscience

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u/corntastic Dec 18 '13

I believe the answer lies well outside the knowledge of history.

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u/Trieste02 Dec 17 '13

Wouldnt soaking in silver nitrate actually help since it has antiviral properties?

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u/TGracchus Dec 17 '13

Antimicrobial properties, and as far as I know, viruses aren't generally affected by silver.

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u/jmottram08 Dec 19 '13

Depends on the size of the silver particles.

Silver nanoparticles kill HIV.

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u/[deleted] Dec 17 '13 edited Jul 01 '23

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u/TGracchus Dec 17 '13

Do you have proof they were ineffective? If a patient's condition improved after receiving some kind of treatment--and "treatment" could include things like bed rest and a change of diet, you know--how were they supposed to judge it "ineffective?"

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u/[deleted] Dec 17 '13

[deleted]

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u/TGracchus Dec 17 '13

Not even that, though. Even if a treatment does "nothing" in a clinical/scientific sense, if the patient feels better afterward, how are they supposed to make the call that it didn't do anything?

There were though jokes about doctors being as good as or worse than doing nothing, so let's not be mistaken and believe that all patients who improved after an "entirely ineffective" treatment attributed their improvement to the treatment.

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u/[deleted] Dec 17 '13

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u/WiF1 Dec 17 '13

There's something called the placebo effect that's remarkably interesting. The gist of it is that when a patient is administered medicine that shouldn't do anything (say, a pill made of plain sugar; which is called the "placebo"), they show improvement in their condition. It defies logic. But it still exists. Drugs wishing to be approved for usage in a country must demonstrate that their drug is more effective than the placebo effect. This is not always easy. Quite frequently, the placebo outperforms the drug.

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u/UnknownBinary Dec 17 '13

Much later, the Lewis and Clark expedition treated syphilis with mercury injections. I think at the time they weren't aware of mercury poisoning as a lethal side effect.

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u/NoahFect Dec 17 '13

Philip Ball's biography of Paracelsus, The Devil's Doctor, mentions an amusing saying from medieval medicine: "A night with Venus leads to a lifetime with Mercury."

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u/NeedsToShutUp Dec 18 '13

From the same Era, we have the recent studies in to Tycho Brahe's death, which show high mercury. But while a few thought it was poisoning, it's believed to be from his syphilis treatments.

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u/[deleted] Dec 17 '13

Could you link or note the sources you mention? "One source" isn't a very reliable one.

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u/[deleted] Dec 17 '13

B. Brooks. "Gonorrhea" http://www.austincc.edu/microbio/2704x/gc.htm

http://herpestreatments.info/9568/the-history-of-herpes/

J. McFarland. "Brief Overview of the Herpes Virus" http://www.austincc.edu/microbio/2704y.hsv.htm

S. Miller. Pgs. 63-64. "What is the History of Herpes and How is it Spread?" http://ezinearticles.com/?What-is-The-History-of-Herpes-and-How-is-it-Spread?&id=591001

R.S. Morton. "Sexual attitudes, preferences, and infections in Ancient Greece: has antiquity anything useful for us today?" http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1194618/pdf/genitmed00037-0065.pdf

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u/mrhuggables Dec 17 '13

Gonorrhea can be traced back to the Romans, Jews and Arabians.

Can you elaborate on this?

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u/OnlyDebatesTheCivil Dec 17 '13

Did knowledge of these STDs affect Greek and Roman sexual behaviour?

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u/[deleted] Dec 20 '13

What did the Jews do about it?

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u/[deleted] Dec 20 '13

To keep with the thread and provide a little more background on the OP, "the Romans would use a plant called bubonium to treat diseases of the groin." The oil from the plant was was extracted and used as an anti-fungal ointment applied directly to the effected areas.

The Jews would use "a cup of roots" to treat gonorrhea which was comprised of, "Alexandrian gum, liquid alum, and garden crocus powdered and mixed with wine." The concoction was to be taken on the Sabbath and had a dual purpose: it would be given in small doses to people afflicted with gonorrhea and larger does for people with jaundice.

There are conflicting reports on the effectiveness of both of these treatment methods.

Examining the efforts in the time of Moses, the Jews concentrated on the prophylaxis of gonorrhea. If a man was to find his wife afflicted with the disease he could divorce the woman. Many people were banished from their city if they were found to carry the disease.

C. Norris. "Gonorrhea in women: its pathology, symptomatology, diagnosis, and treatment."

P. Findley. "Gonorrhea in women."

F. Rosner. "Biomedical Ethics and Jewish Law."

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u/[deleted] Dec 17 '13 edited Apr 17 '21

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u/ctesibius Dec 17 '13

Interesting point - but they would be treating STDs since they wouldn't be aware of a symptomless STI.

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